A Blog For Management Students - Knowledge Hub

Very important terms:- 

REPOS and REVERSE REPOS:-

💡 In the era of economic reforms there developed two new instruments of money market— repo and reverse repo. 

💡 Considered the most dynamic instruments of the Indian money market they have emerged the most favoured route to raise short-term funds in India. 

💡 ‘Repo’ is basically an acronym of the rate of repurchase. The RBI in a span of four years, introduced these instruments—repo in December 1992 and reverse repo in November 1996. 

💡 Repo allows the banks and other  financial institutions to borrow money   from the RBI for short-term (by selling   government securities to the RBI). 

💡 In reverse repo, the banks and financial institutions purchase government securities from the RBI (basically here the RBI is borrowing from the banks and the financial institutions). 

💡 All government securities are dated and the interest for the repo or reverse repo transactions are announced by the RBI from time to time.

Some important Companies & Their Founder

1. Walmart के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - सैम वॉल्टन (Sam Walton) 1962

2. Paytm के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - विजय शेखर शर्मा (2010)

3. Google के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - लैरी पेज, सर्फ ब्रिन (1998)

4. Microsoft के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - बिल गेट्स, पॉल एलन (1975)

5. WhatsApp के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - ब्रायन ऐक्टन ,जैन कौम (2009)

6. Amazon के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - जैफ बेजोस (Jef bez0s) 1994

7. Flipkart के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - सचिन बंसल और बिन्नी बंसल (2007)

8. Yahoo के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - David filo, Jerry yang (1994)

9. Apple के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - स्टीव जॉब्स (1976)

10. Wikipedia के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - जिमी वेल्स (2001)

11. Motorola के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Paul & Joseph Gablin (1928)

12. Facebook के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - मार्क जुकरबर्ग (2004)

13. Alibaba के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - जैक मा (1999)

14. Nokia के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Fredrik Idestam, Leo Mechelin

15. Reliance के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - धीरूभाई अम्बानी (1997)

16. Ebay के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Pierre Omidyar (1995)

17. Twitter के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - जैक डॉर्स (2006)

18. Instagram के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - केविन सिस्ट्रोम, माइक करिजर (2010)

19. YouTube के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Jawed KarimStee Chen (2005)

20. Skype के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Niklas Zennstrom Janus Friis (2003)

21. Tesla के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - एलोन मस्क (2003)

22. Intel के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - गॉर्डन मूरे (1968)

23. Samsung के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Lee Byungchul (1938)

24. Xiaomi के संस्थापक कौन है ?

Answer - Lie Jun (2010)

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Business Ethics Notes

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1.  In India, liquid funds are regulated by -
     1) NSE                         2) SEBI                  3) RBI                 4) IRDA                               Ans. 2

2. Where is the headquarters of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority   (IRDA)?
     1) Hyderabad                 2) Delhi                  3) Kolkata           4)  Chennai                        Ans. 1

3. Money deposited at a bank that cannot be withdrawn for a preset fixed period of time is known as -
    1) Current Deposit             2) Saving Deposit       3) Term Deposit     4) None of these      Ans. 3

4. The Modi government at the center has formed NITI Aayog by replacing which one of the following?
   1) Planning commission                    2) Agriculture price commission          3) Finance commission
4) Fiscal commission                                                                                                                 Ans. 1

5. Which of these institutions fixes the Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate in India?
    1) Ministry of Finance                         2) Comptroller and Auditor General of India
    3) State Bank of India                          4) Reserve Bank of India                                          Ans. 4

6. Which of the following Prime Ministers of India, is regarded as the Father of Economic Reforms?
    1) Rajiv Gandhi                     2) P. V. Narshimha Rao            3) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
    4) Manmohan Singh                                                                                                              Ans. 2

Note: Era of LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation) was started in India in 1992, during the Prime Minister ship of P.V. Narsimha Rao. Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Finance Minister at that time.  

7. Foreign Exchange reserves in India are managed by -
    1) CDSL                  2) RBI                     3) NSDL                4) Ministry of Finance            Ans. 2

Note:-  'CDSL' is short for 'Central Depository Securities Limited' while 'NSDL' is short for 'National Securities Depository Limited. ' Both CDSL and NSDL are depositories registered by the Indian government to hold multiple forms of securities like stocks, bonds, ETFs, and more as electronic copies

8. National income can be increased by -
    1) Increase in population                          2) Increase in the rate of investment
    3) Increase in unemployment                   4) Decrease in price level                                      Ans. 2

9. Triffin Paradox is related to - 

    1) Bonds            2) Currencies                  3) Equities              4) Commodities                     Ans. 2

Note:- The Triffin dilemma or Triffin paradox is the conflict of economic interests that arises between short-term domestic and long-term international objectives for countries whose currencies serve as global reserve currencies.

10. The 2021 BRICS summit is the thirteenth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

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Marketing funnel 

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Cryptocurrency :- 

What Is Cryptocurrency?

A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers. A defining feature of cryptocurrencies is that they are generally not issued by any central authority, rendering them theoretically immune to government interference or manipulation.

Cryptocurrencies are systems that allow for secure payments online which are denominated in terms of virtual "tokens," which are represented by ledger entries internal to the system. "Crypto" refers to the various encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques that safeguard these entries, such as elliptical curve encryption, public-private key pairs, and hashing functions.

Features:- 

• A cryptocurrency is a form of digital asset based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of governments and central authorities.
• The word “cryptocurrency” is derived from the encryption techniques which are used to secure the network.
• Blockchains, which are organizational methods for ensuring the integrity of transactional data, are an essential component of many cryptocurrencies.
• Many experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. 
• Cryptocurrencies face criticism for a number of reasons, including their use for illegal activities, exchange rate volatility, and vulnerabilities of the infrastructure underlying them. However, they also have been praised for their portability, divisibility, inflation resistance, and transparency.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency

Advantages

Cryptocurrencies hold the promise of making it easier to transfer funds directly between two parties, without the need for a trusted third party like a bank or credit card company. These transfers are instead secured by the use of public keys and private keys and different forms of incentive systems, like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake.

In modern cryptocurrency systems, a user's "wallet," or account address, has a public key, while the private key is known only to the owner and is used to sign transactions. Fund transfers are completed with minimal processing fees, allowing users to avoid the steep fees charged by banks and financial institutions for wire transfers.

Disadvantages 

The semi-anonymous nature of cryptocurrency transactions makes them well-suited for a host of illegal activities, such as money laundering and tax evasion. However, cryptocurrency advocates often highly value their anonymity, citing benefits of privacy like protection for whistleblowers or activists living under repressive governments. Some cryptocurrencies are more private than others.

1. Bitcoin (BTC)

One of the most commonly known currencies, Bitcoin is considered an original cryptocurrency. It was created in 2009 as an open-source software. The author of the whitepaper that established this digital currency was under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.

2. Litecoin (LTC)

Litecoin was launched in 2011 as an alternative to Bitcoin. Like other cryptocurrencies, Litecoin is an open-source, global payment network that is completely decentralized, meaning there are no central authorities.

Here are a few differences between these digital currencies:

• -》Litecoin is believed to feature faster transaction times.
• -》The coin limit for Bitcoin is 21 million and Litecoin is 84 million.
• -》They operate on different algorithms, Litecoin’s being “scrypt” and Bitcoin’s is “SHA-256.”

3. Ethereum (ETH)

Created in 2015, Ethereum is a type of cryptocurrency that is an open source platform based on blockchain technology. While tracking ownership of digital currency transactions, Ethereum blockchain also focuses on running the programming code of any decentralized application, allowing it to be used by application developers to pay for transaction fees and services on the Ethereum network.

4. Bitcoin Cash (BCH)

Bitcoin Cash is a type of digital currency that was created to improve certain features of Bitcoin. Bitcoin Cash increased the size of blocks, allowing more transactions to be processed faster.

5. Ethereum Classic (ETC)

Ethereum Classic is a version of the Ethereum blockchain. It runs smart contracts on a similar decentralized platform. Smart contracts are applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third-party interface. Like Ethereum, it provides a value token called “classic ether,” which is used to pay users for products or services.

6. Zcash (ZEC)

Zcash is a digital currency that was built on the original Bitcoin code base. Conceived by scientists at MIT, Johns Hopkins and other respected academic and scientific institutions, it was built on a decentralized blockchain. A core feature and differentiation of Zcash is an emphasis on privacy. While not a function available to investors on Equity Trust’s platform, users can send and receive Zcash without disclosing the sender, receiver, or the amount transacted.

7. Stellar Lumen (XLM)

Stellar lumen is an intermediary currency that facilitates currency exchange. Stellar allows a user to send any currency they own to someone else in a different currency. Jed McCaleb founded the open-source network Stellar and created the network’s native currency in 2014.

8. Bitcoin Satoshi’s Vision (BSV)

Bitcoin Satoshi’s Vision (BSV) is the result of the 2018 split, or hard fork, of Bitcoin Cash. It is intended to more closely resemble the original purpose of Bitcoin, particularly decentralization and using cryptocurrency as payments.

9. Chainlink (LINK)

Launched in June 2017, the Chainlink was designed to incentivize a global network of computers to provide needed external data to smart contracts (agreements programmed to execute when certain conditions are met) running on top of blockchains.

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